2019. 11. 11. 11:10ㆍ■ 국제/CANADA
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■ Living Information
영령 기념일 - 영연방 국가의 현충일
젓가락의 데이 - 대한민국 - 2015년 부터 청주시
재향군인의 날 - 과거 제1차 세계 대전 종전 기념일이었으나 1954년 5월 24일 아이젠하워 대통령에 의해 모든 전쟁의 재향군인의 날(Veterans day)로 바뀌게 됨
■ CANADA Remembrance Day and In Flanders Fields
http://cafe.daum.net/mundypark1/F9Hb/181
■ In Flanders Fields(개양귀비 들판에서)
(CANADA Remembrance Day/Poppy Day)
■ BURQUITLAM COMMUNITY ORGANIC GARDENS/COQUITLAM, BC. CANADA
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved, and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
— Lt.-Col. John McCrae
개양귀비 들판에
플랜더즈 들판에 양귀비꽃 피었네,
줄줄이 서있는 십자가들 사이에.
그 십자가는 우리가 누운 곳 알려주기 위함.
그리고 하늘에는 종달새 힘차게 노래하며 날아오르건만
저 밑에 요란한 총소리 있어 그 노래 잘 들리지는 않네.
우리는 이제 운명을 달리한 자들.
며칠 전만 해도 살아서 새벽을 느꼈고 석양을 바라보았네.
사랑하기도 하고 받기도 하였건만
지금 우리는 플랜더즈 들판에 이렇게 누워 있다네.
원수들과 우리들의 싸움 포기하려는데
힘이 빠져가는 내 손으로 그대 향해 던지는 이 횃불
그대 붙잡고 높이 들게나.
우리와의 신의를 그대 저 버린다면
우리는 영영 잠들지 못하리,
비록 플랜더즈 들판에 양귀비꽃 자란다 하여도.
존 맥크래(1872~1918)
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이날 오전 11시, 캐나다의 전국민들은 1, 2차 세계대전과 한국전쟁에서 자유와 평화를 위해 목숨을 바친 용사들의 넋을 기린다.
1차대전이 종전되던 1918년 11월 11일 11시를 기념해 'Armistice Day'로 부르던 이날은 1919년부터 'Remembrance Day'로 이름을 바꾸고 국가 기념일의 하나로 지정됐다.
또, 매년 11월 5일부터 11일은 보훈주간(Veterans Week)으로 정해 각종 기념행사를 열고 있다.
연방 정부 공무원들은 휴무일이나, 그 이하 정부 기관이나 회사들은 주(州)마다 다르다.
서부와 대서양쪽 캐나다에서는 공휴일이다.
온타리오 주와 퀘벡 주에서는 공휴일이 아니지만 연방 정부와 관련있는 기관들은 휴일로 하거나 다른 방식으로 주에서 인정하는 휴일로 만든다.
학교들은 보통 오전 수업을 하거나 그 전날에 전사자들의 기념에 대한 여러 가지 프레젠테이션을 한다.
수천 명이 오타와에 있는 국립 전쟁 기념관에 모인다.
군중에는 참전용사들이 있는데 일부는 휠체어에 있으며 전사한 해군, 육군, 공군 용사들에게 경의를 표한다.
11월 11일 11시 2분간의 묵념 뒤 방송에서 'In Flanders Flields' 라는 시(詩)를 낭송한다.
In Flanders Flields란 이 시는 캐나다인 참전 용사인 존 맥크래(John McCrae)가 지은 시이다.
■ VETERANS MEMORIAL PARK, CHILLIWACK, BC. CANADA
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11월11일은 대한민국 [농업인의 날]이다
농업인의 날은 대한민국의 공식 기념일이다.
농업인의 날이 11월 11일인 이유는 한자 11(十一)을 합치면 흙 토(土)가 되기 때문이다.
원래 농업인의 날은 원홍기 전 축협 대표 등의 주도로 1964년부터 개최되었다.
원 대표가 살던 강원도 원주시 지역을 중심으로 벌어지던 행사는 1996년에 이르러 정부 지정 공식 기념일이 되었다.
2003년부터 안철수연구소는 11월 11일을 빼빼로데이 대신 가래떡을 먹는 가래떡데이로 지정하여 사내 행사를 시행하고 있다.
이후 이것이 확산되어 2006년 부터 농림부에서도 [가래떡의 날]를 농업인의 날 행사의 일환으로 진행하고 있다.
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Turn Toward Busan http://www.turntowardbusan.com/kr
Turn Toward Busan(부산을 향하여)은 11월 11일 오전 11시 (한국시간) 1분간 전 세계인이 동시에 부산 UN기념공원을 향하여 6·25전쟁 중 전사한 참전용사를 추모하며 묵념하는 행사이다. 2007년 캐나다의 빈스 커트니(Vince Courtenay, 한국 전쟁 당시 종군기자)가 한국전에 참전했던 전사자들이 안장되어 있는 UN기념공원을...
2017.11.11 Moment to Be one
11월 11일 11시(한국시간) 1분간 추모의 묵념을 하는 행사입니다.
21개 참전국 참전협회, 우리국민, 전세계 네티즌이 참여하는 온/오프라인
추모 묵념 동참 캠페인으로 6·25전쟁 UN전사자의 고귀한 희생을 기리고, 세계평화를 기원하기 위하여 추진됩니다.
전세계가 참여하는 추모캠페인으로 참여자 수를 기준으로 기네스 월드
레코드에 도전합니다. 추후 UN평화기념관에 네티즌 참여 사진을
기념조형물로설치할 예정이오니 아낌없는 성원과 관심 부탁드립니다.
2007년 캐나다의 빈센트 커트니씨(6·25전쟁 참전용사)가 개인 발의로
한국전에 참전했던 전사자들이 안장되어 있는 부산 유엔 기념공원을 향해
부산 현지 시간에 맞춰 동시묵념 및 추모행사를 제안했습니다.
이 제안에 대해 캐나다, 미국, 영국, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 벨기에, 프랑스 등
7개국이 동참의사를 표현했습니다.
2016년 11월 11일 11시 정각 '턴 투워드 부산'(Turn toward Busan)! 6․25전쟁에 참여했던 유엔(UN) 참전국 용사와 그 가족, 국민을 비롯해 평화를 염원하는 세계인의 마음과 시선이 부산을 향한다.
추모 사이렌과 함께 1분간 추모 묵념이 향할 곳은 부산 남구 대연동 779번지 유엔기념공원. 13만5천㎡ 면적의 이곳에는 세계 유일의 유엔군 묘지가 자리하고 있다.
6․25전쟁 당시 21개 나라의 수많은 젊은이가 유엔군이라는 이름으로 '세계 평화'를 지키려 참전했다. 하지만, 이중 3만7천902명(실종자 3천737명 제외)의 유엔 참전국 용사가 세계 평화와 자신의 목숨을 맞바꿨다. 6․25전쟁 당시 참전한 유엔군 병사는 21개국 15만1천129명에 달한다.
유엔 기록을 보면 미군 3만3천686명을 비롯해 영국 1천78명, 터키 966명, 호주 340명, 캐나다 516명, 프랑스 262명 등 전투병을 파병했던 16개국 용사와 의료지원병을 보낸 노르웨이, 인도 군인 각 3명이 전사했다고 한다.
전쟁 중 참전국 전사자가 속출하자 1951년 1월 유엔군 사령부는 후방인 부산 남구 대연동 임지 묘지를 설치했다고 전해진다. 당시 전사자 중 1만1천 명의 유해를 여기에 임시 안장했으며 이후, 유해 대부분 전쟁 후 본국으로 송환되었지만 11개국 2천300기가 안장되어 있다. 이곳이 66년이 흐른 지금 '세계 평화의 성지'로 불리는 '유엔기념공원'이다.
1955년 우리나라 국회가 기념묘지 설치를 유엔에 건의하자, 유엔이 '임시 유엔군 사령부 묘지'를 '유엔기념묘지'로 정식 지정했으며, 2001년 3월 우리 정부가 한글 명칭을 유엔기념묘지에서 유엔기념공원으로 변경, 현재까지 그렇게 부르고 있다.
한편, 6․25전쟁 당시 사망한 참전용사의 안장만을 허용했던 유엔기념공원은 전쟁 사후 참전용사의 안장을 허용하면서 지난해에 이어 ‘한국에 묻히고 싶다’ 마지막 유언을 남긴 채 지난해 세상을 떠난 프랑스인 참전용사 故 앙드레 발레발 씨가 국가보훈처 주도로 유엔기념공원에 안장하게 되었다. 항상 자신이 목숨바쳐 지켜왔던 한국과 먼저 간 전우들을 그리워해 본인 사후에는 생사고락을 같이했던 전우들이 잠들어 있는 한국에 묻히길 소망했다고 한다.
그의 한국의 대한 희생과 사랑이 오늘날 우리가 누리는 자유와 민주주의가 당연하게만 여겨왔던 마음을 숙연하게 한다. 호국 참전유공자들의 고귀한 피와 땀이 이 땅의 젊은 우리들을 존재하게 하였다는 사실을 잊지 않아야 할 것이다.
더불어, 참전국과의 혈맹관계를 더욱 견고히 하고 세대를 이어 참전용사의 후손들의 유대관계도 지속적으로 유지해갈 수 있는 노력은 계속 필요하다. 이를 위해 보훈처는 오는 11월 11일 11시 '턴 투워드 부산' 지역과 시간의 한계를 넘어 전 세계가 하나가 되는 시간을 갖는다.
캐나다인 참전용사 빈센트 커트니 씨 제안으로 2007년 시작된 '턴 투워드 부산'은 21개국 참전국 현지 참전협회와 우리 측 재외공관 간 연계행사로 확대돼 자유와 평화를 상징하는 국제행사로 거듭나고 있다. 유엔기념공원이 있는 부산을 향하여 11월 11일 11시(한국시간) 1분간 추모의 묵념을 하는 이 행사는 자유와 평화의 소중함을 되새기는 성지라는 유엔기념공원의 상징성 을 내보이며 세계인의 주목을 받고 있다.
특히 올해 턴 투워드 부산은 11월 11일 11시에 1분간 부산을 향해 추모한다는 숫자 1(One)의 의미와 함께 국경을 초월해 같은 마음으로 ‘하나(One)'가 된다는 뜻으로 “하나가 되는 순간, 턴 투워드 부산(Moment to be one, Turn Toward Busan)”이라는 주제로 펼쳐진다.
지금의 우리가 누리가 있는 자유와 번영은 참전용사의 희생과 공헌이 밑바탕이 되었기에 가능한 일이었다는 점을 잊지 말고 그들의 고귀한 희생정신을 깊이 기리고 그 유족들에게 위로와 감사를 표하는 것은 당연한 일이다.
11월 11일 11시, 많은 이들이 이 날을 빼빼로 데이로 기억할지 모르지만 전세계가 하나되는 순간 ‘턴 투워드 부산’(Turn Toward Busan)을 기억하며 부산을 향해 1분간 묵념하며 대한민국을 위해 자신의 목숨을 바친 유엔군의 참전용사들의 희생을 기려보도록 하자.
"In Flanders Fields" is a war poem in the form of a rondeau, written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. He was inspired to write it on May 3, 1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, who died in the Second Battle of Ypres. According to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. "In Flanders Fields" was first published on December 8 of that year in the London magazine Punch.
It is one of the most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its immediate popularity, parts of the poem were used in efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers and raise money selling war bonds. Its references to the red poppies that grew over the graves of fallen soldiers resulted in the remembrance poppy becoming one of the world's most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers who have died in conflict. The poem and poppy are prominent Remembrance Day symbols throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly in Canada, where "In Flanders Fields" is one of the nation's best-known literary works. The poem is also widely known in the United States, where it is associated with Veterans Day and Memorial Day.
Contents
Background[edit]
John McCrae was a poet and physician from Guelph, ontario. He developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life.[1] His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines and newspapers.[2] McCrae's poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed.[3]
At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War. He had the option of joining the medical corps because of his training and age but he volunteered instead to join a fighting unit as a gunner and medical officer.[4] It was his second tour of duty in the Canadian military. He had previously fought with a volunteer force in the Second Boer War.[5] He considered himself a soldier first; his father was a military leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country and empire.[6]
McCrae fought in the Second Battle of Ypres in the Flanders region of Belgium, where the German army launched one of the first chemical attacks in the history of war. They attacked French positions north of the Canadians with chlorine gas on April 22, 1915 but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a "nightmare",
For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds ... And behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way.
— McCrae[7]
Alexis Helmer, a close friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the burial service himself, at which time he noted how poppies quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres. The next day, he composed the poem while sitting in the back of an ambulance at an Advanced Dressing Station outside Ypres.[8] This location is today known as the John McCrae Memorial Site.
Poem[edit]
In Flanders Fields and Other Poems, a 1919 collection of McCrae's works, contains two versions of the poem: a printed text as below and a handwritten copy where the first line ends with "grow" instead of "blow", as discussed under Publication:[9]
In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
As with his earlier poems, "In Flanders Fields" continues McCrae's preoccupation with death and how it stands as the transition between the struggle of life and the peace that follows.[10] It is written from the point of view of the dead. It speaks of their sacrifice and serves as their command to the living to press on.[11] As with many of the most popular works of the First World War, it was written early in the conflict, before the romanticism of war turned to bitterness and disillusion for soldiers and civilians alike.[12]
Publication[edit]
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Cyril Allinson was a sergeant major in McCrae's unit. While delivering the brigade's mail, he watched McCrae as he worked on the poem, noting that McCrae's eyes periodically returned to Helmer's grave as he wrote. When handed the notepad, Allinson read the poem and was so moved he immediately committed it to memory. He described it as being "almost an exact description of the scene in front of us both".[13] According to legend, McCrae was not satisfied with his work. It is said he crumpled the paper and threw it away.[14] It was retrieved by a fellow member of his unit, either Edward Morrison or J. M. Elder,[15] or Allinson.[14] McCrae was convinced to submit the poem for publication.[16] An early copy of the poem is found in the diary of Clare Gass, who was serving with McCrae as a battlefield nurse, in an entry dated October 30, 1915—nearly six weeks before the poem's first publication in the magazine Punch on December 8, 1915.[17]
Another story of the poem's origin claimed that Helmer's funeral was held on the morning of May 2, after which McCrae wrote the poem in 20 minutes. A third claim, by Morrison, was that McCrae worked on the poem as time allowed between arrivals of wounded soldiers in need of medical attention.[18] Regardless of its true origin, McCrae worked on the poem for months before considering it ready for publication.[19] He submitted it to The Spectator in London but it was rejected. It was then sent to Punch, where it was published on December 8, 1915.[16] It was published anonymously, but Punch attributed the poem to McCrae in its year-end index.[20]
The word that ends the first line of the poem has been disputed. According to Allinson, the poem began with "In Flanders Fields the poppies grow" when first written.[13] McCrae ended the second-to-last line with "grow", Punch received permission to change the wording of the opening line to end with "blow". McCrae used either word when making handwritten copies for friends and family.[21][22] Questions over how the first line should end have endured since publication. Most recently, the Bank of Canada was inundated with queries and complaints from those who believed the first line should end with "grow", when a design for the ten-dollar bill was released in 2001, with the first stanza of "In Flanders Fields", ending the first line with "blow".[23]
Popularity[edit]
According to historian Paul Fussell, "In Flanders Fields" was the most popular poem of its era.[24] McCrae received numerous letters and telegrams praising his work when he was revealed as the author.[25] The poem was republished throughout the world, rapidly becoming synonymous with the sacrifice of the soldiers who died in the First World War.[11] It was translated into numerous languages, so many that McCrae himself quipped that "it needs only Chinese now, surely".[26] Its appeal was nearly universal. Soldiers took encouragement from it as a statement of their duty to those who died while people on the home front viewed it as defining the cause for which their brothers and sons were fighting.[27]
It was often used for propaganda, particularly in Canada by the Unionist Party during the 1917 federal election amidst the Conscription Crisis. French Canadians in Quebec were strongly opposed to the possibility of conscription but English Canadians voted overwhelmingly to support Prime Minister Robert Borden and the Unionist government. "In Flanders Fields" was said to have done more to "make this Dominion persevere in the duty of fighting for the world's ultimate peace than all the political speeches of the recent campaign".[28] McCrae, a staunch supporter of the empire and the war effort, was pleased with the effect his poem had on the election. He stated in a letter: "I hope I stabbed a [French] Canadian with my vote".[28]
The poem was a popular motivational tool in Great Britain, where it was used to encourage soldiers fighting against Germany, and in the United States where it was reprinted across the country. It was one of the most quoted works during the war,[12] used in many places as part of campaigns to sell war bonds, during recruiting efforts and to criticize pacifists and those who sought to profit from the war.[29] At least 55 composers in the United States set the poem "In Flanders Fields" to music by 1920, including Charles Ives, Arthur Foote, and John Philip Sousa.[30] The setting by Ives, which premiered in early 1917, is perhaps the earliest American setting.[31] Fussell criticized the poem in his work The Great War and Modern Memory (1975).[24] He noted the distinction between the pastoral tone of the first nine lines and the "recruiting-poster rhetoric" of the third stanza. Describing it as "vicious" and "stupid", Fussell called the final lines a "propaganda argument against a negotiated peace".[32]
Legacy[edit]
McCrae was moved to the medical corps and stationed in Boulogne, France, in June 1915 where he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and placed in charge of medicine at the Number 3 Canadian General Hospital.[33] He was promoted to the acting rank of Colonel on January 13, 1918, and named Consulting Physician to the British Armies in France. The years of war had worn McCrae down; he contracted pneumonia that day and later came down with cerebral meningitis. on January 28, 1918, he died at the military hospital in Wimereux and was buried there with full military honours.[34] A book of his works, featuring "In Flanders Fields", was published the following year.[35]
"In Flanders Fields" is very popular in Canada, where it is a staple of Remembrance Day ceremonies and may be the most well known literary piece among English Canadians.[35] It has an official French adaptation, entitled "Au champ d'honneur", written by Jean Pariseau and used by the Canadian government in French and bilingual ceremonies.[36] With an excerpted appearance on the ten-dollar bill from 2001 to 2013, the Royal Canadian Mint has released poppy-themed quarters on several occasions. A version minted in 2004 featured a red poppy in the centre and is considered the first multi-coloured circulation coin in the world.[37] To mark the poem's centennial in 2015, a coloured and uncoloured poppy quarter and a "toonie" ($2 coin) were issued as circulation coins, as well as other collector coins.[38][39] Among its uses in popular culture, the line "to you from failing hands we throw the torch, be yours to hold it high" has served as a motto for the Montreal Canadiens hockey club since 1940.[40]
Canada Post honoured the 50th anniversary of John McCrae's death with a stamp in 1968 and marked the centennial of his famous poem in 2015. Other Canadian stamps have featured the poppy, including ones in 1975, 2001, 2009,[41] 2013 and 2014. Other postal authorities have employed the poppy as a symbol of remembrance, including those of Australia, Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and United States.[42]
McCrae's birthplace in Guelph, ontario has been converted into a museum dedicated to his life and the war.[43] McCrae was named a National Historic Person in 1946, and his house was listed as a National Historic Site in 1966.[44][45]
In Belgium, the In Flanders Fields Museum in Ypres, named after the poem and devoted to the First World War, is situated in one of Flanders' largest tourist areas.[46] A monument commemorating the writing of the poem is located at Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery, which is thought to have been the location of Helmer's burial and lies within the John McCrae Memorial Site.[47]
Despite its fame, "In Flanders Fields" is often ignored by academics teaching and discussing Canadian literature.[35] The poem is sometimes viewed as an anachronism; It spoke of glory and honour in a war that has since become synonymous with the futility of trench warfare and the slaughter produced by 20th-century weaponry.[29] Nancy Holmes, professor at the University of British Columbia, speculated that its patriotic nature and use as a tool for propaganda may have led literary critics to view it as a national symbol or anthem rather than a poem.[35]
Remembrance poppies[edit]
The red poppies that McCrae referred to had been associated with conflict since the Napoleonic Wars when a writer of that time first noted how the poppies grew over the graves of soldiers.[48] The damage done to the landscape in Flanders during the battle greatly increased the lime content in the surface soil, leaving the poppy as one of the few plants able to grow in the region.[49]
Inspired by "In Flanders Fields", American professor Moina Michael resolved at the war's conclusion in 1918 to wear a red poppy year-round to honour the soldiers who had died in the war. She also wrote a poem in response called "We Shall Keep the Faith".[50] She distributed silk poppies to her peers and campaigned to have them adopted as an official symbol of remembrance by the American Legion. Madame E. Guérin attended the 1920 convention where the Legion supported Michael's proposal and was inspired to sell poppies in her native France to raise money for the war's orphans.[51] In 1921, Guérin sent poppy sellers to London ahead of Armistice Day, attracting the attention of Field Marshal Douglas Haig. A co-founder of The Royal British Legion, Haig supported and encouraged the sale.[49] The practice quickly spread throughout the British Empire. The wearing of poppies in the days leading up to Remembrance Day remains popular in many areas of the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly Great Britain, Canada and South Africa and in the days leading up to ANZAC Day in Australia and New Zealand.[51]
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
Footnotes
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 11
- ^ The early years, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from the original on March 7, 2012, retrieved February 6, 2012
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 21
- ^ Gillmor 2001, pp. 91–92
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 31
- ^ Bassett 1984, p. 14
- ^ In Flanders Fields, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from the original on October 7, 2012, retrieved February 6, 2012
- ^ Gillmor 2001, p. 93
- ^ In Flanders Fields and Other Poems. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1919. p. 3.
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 106
- ^ Jump up to: a b "In Flanders Fields", New York Times, December 18, 1921, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b Prescott 1985, pp. 105–106
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Poem depicts war scenes", Regina Leader-Post, p. 13, November 12, 1968, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Forever there... In Flanders Fields", The Journal Opinion, p. 8, March 29, 2006, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ The Red Poppy, The Australian Army, archived from the original on February 26, 2012, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b Prescott 1985, p. 96
- ^ "Clare Gass Fonds". McGill Library Archival Catalogue. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ^ Prescott 1985, pp. 95–96
- ^ Gillmor 2001, p. 94
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 105
- ^ Brennan, Pat (November 10, 2009), "Guelph house commemorates Flanders' poet McCrae", Toronto Star, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ Dysert, Anna. "'In Flanders fields' at the Osler Library". De re medica : News from the Osler Library of the History of Medicine. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
- ^ "Flanders poppies blow up furor in Canada", Los Angeles Times, p. A38, February 11, 2001, retrieved February 11, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b Fussell 2009, p. 315
- ^ Ragner, Bernhard (January 30, 1938), "A tribute in Flanders Fields", New York Times Magazine, p. 14, retrieved February 7, 2012
- ^ Bassett 1984, p. 50
- ^ Bassett 1984, p. 49
- ^ Jump up to: a b Prescott 1985, p. 125
- ^ Jump up to: a b Prescott 1985, p. 133
- ^ Ward, Jennifer A. (March 13, 2014). "American Musical Settings of "In Flanders Fields" and the Great War". Journal of Musicological Research. 33 (1–3): 96, 124. doi:10.1080/01411896.2014.878566.
- ^ In Flanders Fields (Song Collection), Library of Congress, retrieved February 20, 2012
- ^ Fussell 2009, pp. 314–315
- ^ Prescott 1985, p. 101
- ^ Bassett 1984, pp. 59–60
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Holmes, Nancy (2005), ""In Flanders Fields" – Canada's Official Poem: Breaking Faith", Studies in Canadian Literature, University of New Brunswick, 30 (1), retrieved February 11, 2012
- ^ Le Canada pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et la route vers la crête de Vimy (in French), Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from the original on October 26, 2012, retrieved February 8, 2012
- ^ A symbol of remembrance, Royal Canadian Mint, retrieved February 11, 2012
- ^ Never forget with the 2015 Remembrance coins, Royal Canadian Mint order form, October 2015
- ^ Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates 100th Anniversary of In Flanders Fields with Silver Collector Coins Royal Canadian Mint news release, April 30, 2015
- ^ Last game at the Montreal Forum, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved February 11, 2012
- ^ "Lest We Forget". Canada Post. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
- ^ "In Flanders Fields stamp issue". Canada Post. April 29, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
- ^ Hill, Valerie (November 7, 1998), "Lest We Forget McCrae House keeps realities of war alive", Kitchener Record, retrieved February 20, 2012
- ^ McCrae, Lieutenant-Colonel John National Historic Person, Parks Canada, 2012
- ^ McCrae House National Historic Site, Parks Canada, 2012
- ^ Nieuw streekbezoekerscentrum Ieper officieel geopend (in Dutch), Knack.be, February 5, 2012, retrieved February 13, 2012
- ^ "Ieper (Ypres) – Belgium – Nearby site: Essex Farm Cemetery, Boezinge – Lieutenant Colonel McCrae". www.ww1westernfront.gov.au. Department of Veterans' Affairs and Board of Studies, New South Wales. July 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- ^ Remembrance Day: Lest we forget, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, November 10, 2010, retrieved February 8, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?, BBC News, November 10, 2006, retrieved February 8, 2012
- ^ Moina Michael, Digital Library of Georgia, retrieved February 8, 2012
- ^ Jump up to: a b Rahman, Rema (November 9, 2011), Who, What, Why: Which countries wear poppies?, BBC News, retrieved February 8, 2012
Bibliography
- Bassett, John (1984), The Canadians: John McCrae, Markham, ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, ISBN 0-88902-651-3
- Fussell, Paul (2009) [1975], The Great War and Modern Memory (Illustrated Edition), New York: Stirling Publishing, ISBN 0-19-513331-5
- Gillmor, Don (2001), Canada: A People's History, two, Toronto, ontario: McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-3340-0, ISBN 0-7710-3341-9
- McCrae, John (1919), In Flanders Fields and Other Poems, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008), ISBN 1-84193-994-3, retrieved February 7, 2012
- Prescott, John F. (1985), In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae, Erin, ontario: Boston Mills Press, ISBN 0-919783-07-4
External links[edit]
 | Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to In Flanders Fields. |
- In Flanders Fields And Other Poems at Faded Page (Canada)
- Royal Canadian Legion web page about John McCrae, "In Flanders Fields", and the custom of wearing poppies
- In Flanders Fields, choral piece by composer Bradley Nelson, commissioned by Fresno State Chamber Singers and Chico State Chamber Singers of California State University
- In Flander's fields by Lt. Col. John McCrae, M.D. and America's answer by R. W. Lillard, 1914–1918. Hamilton, ont. : Commercial Engravers, 1918. 8 p. Accessed 4 January 2014, in PDF format.
In Flanders Fields public domain audiobook at LibriVox- Andrew Macphail Fonds McGill University Library & Archives.
- Clare Gass Fonds McGill University Library & Archives.
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